1. Production of industrial bread and pastries During the production of industrial bread and pastries, a wide variety of raw materials are used: The main stages in the production of industrial bread and pastries are as follows: 2. Composition of wastewater generated in the production of bread and pastries [...] 3.
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Introduction to the coagulation and flocculation process Wastewater usually contains solid particles of various sizes and origins that contribute to its contamination. These solids can be organic or inorganic, and their size can vary from fractions of a micron to millimeters. They are known as Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and their presence can cause blockages [...].
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1. Composition of wastewater from the fish and seafood industry The fish and seafood production process is not uniform and varies substantially depending on the final product to be marketed. The most common processes are the following: Each of these stages generates a certain type of wastewater, so [...]...
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1. Primary clarification in wastewater treatment plants Both surface water (rivers, reservoirs and lakes) and wastewater, both from urban and industrial sources, require adequate treatment for their use, discharge to recovery. An important part of this treatment is the initial treatment, also known as [...]
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Paper and pulp industries The paper production process requires a significant volume of water. This is why pulp and paper producers have historically been located near water supply points, such as rivers. Water is an element that [...]
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Membrane and Moving Bed Biological Treatment - MBR and MBBR The treatment of industrial wastewater requires sophisticated methods and processes that can be adapted to each specific discharge. Unlike the wastewater found in urban wastewater treatment plants, where the pollutant loads move within the wastewater, the MBRs and MBBRs are not the same as the wastewater found in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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1. Discharge of detergents and other soapy substances Some wastewaters generated in industrial processes contain soapy substances and detergents. The discharge of these waters produces negative effects on the natural environment, such as eutrophication, which generates an ecosystem characterized by the abnormally high presence of nutrients such as phosphates. When [...]
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Introduction to sludge thickening As a consequence of the treatment of wastewater generated in industrial processes, a concentration of waste is produced in the form of sludge, also called sludge, which can be more or less hydrated. Wastewater purification treatments are mainly classified into physical, chemical and biological processes. [...]
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1. Meat processing industry and slaughterhouses There are different types of meat industries depending on the animals they process (poultry, pork, beef, etc.), as well as the products they produce (fresh, precooked, cured, cooked, etc.). As a general rule, this type of industry separates the slaughterhouse areas from those of processed products, given that they are processes [...]
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1. What are total suspended solids? Total suspended solids (TSS) are materials that are usually found in both natural and industrial waters. The presence of suspended solids in wastewater causes clogging and deterioration of the installations through which the effluent flows. When they are of an organic nature [...]
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Biological oxygen demand reduction Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. It is a parameter used to evaluate water quality according to its ability to support aquatic life. [...]
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Petrochemical plants and oil refineries consume significant amounts of water. These are the main uses of water in these facilities: The petrochemical industry is very strict regarding the environmental controls, standards, and protocols it follows, as the wastewater it produces is highly polluting. For this reason, […]
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1. What is fracking? Fracking, also known as "hydraulic fracturing," is a method used to extract hydrocarbons from sedimentary soils. Rocks retain methane in their pores due to their low permeability, allowing pockets of gas and hydrocarbons to form. To extract them, hundreds of wells are drilled, which can […]
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The dairy industry generates a large volume of wastewater, which is generated both in the production of the products and in the packaging units. Wastewater from the dairy industry consists of a combination of water, solids, fats and cleaning agents. The volume and characteristics of the wastewater [....]
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Oils and fats are some of the most common contaminants in wastewater generated in industrial processes. Their presence in wastewater can cause serious damage to the environment and to human health, so it is essential to take the necessary measures to separate oils and fats from wastewater and to [...]
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Introduction: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are applied in hydraulic flow systems and transport processes. They are standard development tools for constructions and equipment with fluid components. Nowadays, CFD simulations are indispensable in all kinds of engineering, [...]
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Wastewater generated in industrial processes must undergo appropriate treatment before being discharged to the sewer system, returned to the environment or reused in other processes. One of the most effective and versatile methods for wastewater management is dissolved air flotation (DAF) systems, which are widely used in industrial processes.
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1. Wastewater from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry: A Technological Challenge 1.1 Circular economy solutions for water reuse in oil and gas The oil and natural gas industry generates the energy needed to carry out numerous human and industrial activities. The high water consumption in the […]
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Water consumption and discharge in the textile industry It is estimated that the textile industry consumes between 80 and 150 liters per kilogram of fabric processed. The amount of water used in the manufacture of garments varies according to the type of fibers (cotton, wool, nylon, polyester, etc.) and the machinery employed in each [...]
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1. The Fragrances and Essential Oils Industry The Fragrances and Essential Oils industry can be included within the cosmetics industry, but with characteristics that make it different. The substances used in this industry are mainly solvents, alcohols and what stands out as a characteristic substance: Essential Oils. Given the great [...]
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Introduction: Wastewater in the cosmetics industry The cosmetics industry consumes a large amount of water and is subject to increasingly stringent discharge limits. These two factors have led to a considerable increase in the installation of wastewater treatment plants that allow the reuse of wastewater. The reuse of wastewater [...]
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Introduction: FBR biological wastewater treatment system The FBR (flotation bioreactor) system is a biological wastewater treatment system that allows the removal of pollutants in a continuous and compact manner. These systems, which occupy little space, are more efficient in the removal of organic compounds and other biodegradable pollutants, and generate more [...]
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Introduction: tanneries and wastewater The production and trade of leather has increased considerably in recent years. This increase in activity leads to an increase in wastewater produced by leather producers, which requires more efficient systems for the treatment of effluents generated in this sector. TANNING is [...]
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1. Algae blooms in seawater desalination plants using reverse osmosis The distribution of water on our planet is not uniform. Three percent of fresh water is distributed as follows: Due to rapid population growth and increasing water consumption, there is an urgent need to [...]
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